Fluidez sexual: contextualização histórica e contributos teóricos / Fluidez sexual: contextualización histórico y aportaciones teóricas / Sexual fluidity: historical contextualization and theoretical contributions

RESUMO. Neste estudo, tivemos como objetivo aprofundar o conceito de fluidez sexual pela análise crítica da literatura e de uma síntese integrativa sobre o tema. Nele, analisamos estudos que se debruçam sobre a fluidez sexual, exploramos o conceito, sob orientação do modo como Lisa Diamond o introduz na literatura científica, o define e operacionaliza. Por fim, debruçamo-nos sobre estudos no âmbito da fluidez sexual, a fim de perceber os significados atribuídos, e questionando o potencial viés de gênero que acompanha um conceito situado num tempo e num contexto heteronormativos. Como contributo para o aprofundamento do conceito e reforço das suas potencialidades, são apresentadas reflexões sobre a relação entre a fluidez sexual e a masculinidade hegemônica, uma relação pouco valorizada na literatura científica. Globalmente, este trabalho promove, criticamente e de modo interseccional, o questionamento sobre a fixação no sexo/gênero das pessoas envolvidas numa situação sexual e são discutidas as fronteiras do conceito de fluidez sexual e a sua (im)permeabilidade.

RESUMEN. En este estudio, buscamos profundizar el concepto de fluidez sexual a través de un análisis crítico de la literatura y de una síntesis integradora sobre el tema. Para tal, se analizaron estudios enfocados en la fluidez sexual y se exploró este mismo concepto según la guía de cómo Lisa Diamond lo introduce en la literatura científica, lo define y lo concretiza. El análisis de los estudios en torno de la fluidez sexual se realizó teniendo como objetivos comprender los significados atribuidos al concepto y cuestionar el posible sesgo de género que acompaña un concepto ubicado en un tiempo y en un contexto heteronormativos. De cara a profundizar el concepto y reforzar su potencial, se presentan reflexiones sobre la relación entre la fluidez sexual y la masculinidad hegemónica, una relación que no se tiene en cuenta habitualmente en la literatura científica. En general, este trabajo contribuye, de manera crítica e interseccional, al cuestionamiento sobre la fijación en el sexo/género de las personas involucradas en una situación sexual y discute los límites del concepto de fluidez sexual y su (im)permeabilidad.

ABSTRACT. In this study, we sought to deepen the concept of sexual fluidity through a critical analysis of the literature and an integrative synthesis on the topic. In it, we analyzed studies that focus on sexual fluidity, explored the concept, under the guidance of how Lisa Diamond introduces it into the scientific literature, defines it, and operationalizes it. Finally, we focused on studies on sexual fluidity, trying to understand the meanings attributed to the concept, questioning the potential gender bias that accompanies a concept located in a heteronormative time and context. As a contribution to the deepening of the concept and reinforcement of its potential, reflections are presented on the relationship between sexual fluidity and hegemonic masculinity, a relationship that is little valued in the scientific literature. Overall, this work promotes, critically and in an intersectional way, the questioning about the fixation in sex/gender of people involved in a sexual situation and discussed the boundaries of the concept of sexual fluidity and its (im)permeability.

Recensión. El modelo PLISSIT: una propuesta de esquema conceptual para el tratamiento conductual de los problemas sexuales / Critical review. The PLISSIT model: a proposed conceptual scheme for the behavioral treatment of sexual problems

El artículo muestra una guía orientada a profesionales de la salud cuyo objetivo es ordenar los problemas sexuales y dar herramientas sobre cómo abordar los mismos a través de la teoría del aprendizaje. El modelo conceptual de Annon ha posibilitado un mejor manejo de la situación a la hora de implementar un abordaje en la esfera sexual por parte de los profesionales, y a través de esta recensión se discute su uso pertinente en la actualidad. (AU)

The article shows a guide aimed at health professionals whose objective is to order sexual problems and provide tools on how to address them through learning theory. Annon’s conceptual model has made possible a better management when implementing a sexual oriented approach by professionals, so through this critical review, its pertinent use nowadays is discussed. (AU)

Sexualidad y salud sexual / Sexuality and sexual health

En este trabajo se recuerdan las definiciones de salud sexual y su relación con la sexualidad. Se menciona la sexología clínica como disciplina reciente y su aporte a la promoción de la salud. Se detallan algunos trastornos sexuales que constituyen el campo de acción de la sexología clínica. Se citan estudios y estadísticas de los problemas sexuales más frecuentes. Se hace hincapié en su relación con el bienestar y la calidad de vida. Se remarca el avance científico de la sexología clínica en el siglo XXI. (AU)

In this work the definitions of sexual health and its relationship with sexuality are recalled. Clinical sexology is mentioned as a recent discipline and its contribution to health promotion. Some sexual disorders that constitute the clinical sexologys field of action are detailed. Studies and statistics of the most frequent sexual problems are cited. It emphasizes its relation to well-being and the quality of life. The scientific advance of clinical sexology in the XXI century is highlighted. (AU)

[Physical culture, bodies and sexualities in the journal Cultura Sexual y Física, 1937-1941]. / Cultura física, cuerpos y sexualidades en la revista Cultura Sexual y Física, 1937-1941.

This study analyzes the different meanings produced, transmitted and circulated by the journal Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) about sexualities, bodies, desires and forms of otherness from the standpoint of and based on physical culture. In the journal, which was published in Buenos Aires but had an international readership, we examine these issues from a gender perspective via critical discursive analysis in order to demonstrate the nuances, continuities and departure points with regard to the dominant discourse. Hence, we show the polemics triggered by this publication and the attacks on it by conservative sectors, which led to it being banned.

En este trabajo se analizan los distintos sentidos que produjo, transmitió y puso en circulación la revista Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) respecto de las sexualidades, los cuerpos, los deseos y las otredades desde y a partir del campo de la cultura física. Editada en Buenos Aires, pero con una circulación a escala internacional, examinaremos aquellos tópicos desde una perspectiva de género y a través del análisis crítico del discurso para dar cuenta de los matices, continuidades e inflexiones discursivas respecto del discurso dominante. En este sentido, señalaremos las polémicas que suscitó la publicación y los ataques recibidos por parte de sectores conservadores que llevaron a la prohibición de la revista.

Hacia una historia revisada de la teoría organizacional-activacional / Towards a revised history of organisational-activational theory

En las últimas décadas la neuroendocrinología del comportamiento ha pasado de un área marginal de la incipiente revolución neurocientífica a una disciplina bien consolidada, hasta el punto de convertirse en el abordaje estándar para las diferencias y la diferenciación sexual de la conducta. Tanto en los trabajos de historia general de la endocrinología, como en las reviews de la especialidad y las aproximaciones críticas desde el feminismo académico, se ha generado un racconto según el cual la teoría central de la neuroendocrinología, esto es, la Teoría Organizacional Activacional habría sido fundada en 1959 por W. C. Young y sus colaboradores al descubrir los efectos de la testosterona fetal sobre conejillas de indias hembra. En el presente artículo se propone una revisión de tal historia oficial, comenzando con los trabajos de Arnold Berthold, profundizando en los desarrollos endocrinos de los años veinte y treinta del siglo pasado y revisando las disputas entre Young y Beach en los años previos a la publicación del 59. Con esta revisión, se pretende mejorar el conocimiento histórico de la teoría organizacional activacional, lo cual de forma derivada puede ayudar a iluminar algunas polémicas en torno a las explicaciones biológicas de la sexualidad humana

In recent decades, behavioural neuroendocrinology has moved from a marginal area of the incipient neuroscientific revolution to a well-established discipline, to the extent that it has become the standard approach to sexual differences and differentiation in behaviour. In the general historiography of endocrinology, in discipline-specific reviews as well as in critical articles, an official history has been generated according to which Organizational-Activational Theory was founded in 1959 by W. C. Young and his collaborators when they discovered the effects of fetal testosterone on guinea pigs. This article proposes a review of that official history, starting with the works of Arnold Berthold, delving into the endocrine developments of the 1920s and 1930s and reviewing the disputes between Young and Beach in the years leading up to the publication of 1959. This review is intended to improve the historical knowledge of Organizational-Activational Theory, which in turn may help to shed light on some of the controversies surrounding biological explanations of human sexuality

Cultura física, cuerpos y sexualidades en la revista cultura sexual y física, 1937-1941 / Physical culture, bodies and sexualities in the journal cultura sexual y física, 1937-1941

Resumen En este trabajo se analizan los distintos sentidos que produjo, transmitió y puso en circulación la revista Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) respecto de las sexualidades, los cuerpos, los deseos y las otredades desde y a partir del campo de la cultura física. Editada en Buenos Aires, pero con una circulación a escala internacional, examinaremos aquellos tópicos desde una perspectiva de género y a través del análisis crítico del discurso para dar cuenta de los matices, continuidades e inflexiones discursivas respecto del discurso dominante. En este sentido, señalaremos las polémicas que suscitó la publicación y los ataques recibidos por parte de sectores conservadores que llevaron a la prohibición de la revista.

Abstract This study analyzes the different meanings produced, transmitted and circulated by the journal Cultura Sexual y Física (1937-1941) about sexualities, bodies, desires and forms of otherness from the standpoint of and based on physical culture. In the journal, which was published in Buenos Aires but had an international readership, we examine these issues from a gender perspective via critical discursive analysis in order to demonstrate the nuances, continuities and departure points with regard to the dominant discourse. Hence, we show the polemics triggered by this publication and the attacks on it by conservative sectors, which led to it being banned.

Nick Martin's Contributions to Human Sexuality Research.

Genetic research into human sexuality was scarce at the end of last century. In 1992 Nick developed a 12-page questionnaire to send to twins to investigate the underpinnings of sexuality. The questionnaire included items about sexual orientation, sociosexuality and sexual behavior, and was completed by almost 5000 twins. The resulting data, unique at the time, has been used to investigate many previously unexaminable research questions. Here we describe how Nick's questionnaire contributed to our understanding of human sexuality and how we got involved in this endeavor.

Sexual offence, diagnosis, and activism: A British history of LGBTIQ psychology.

This article charts the historical period from the 1950s to the 1990s, focusing on the role of Psychology in the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ) people in Britain. Psychology has been, and is, central to the social, legal, and medical understandings of biological sex and how best to understand diversity in gender and sexuality. Likewise, gay liberation and liberationist politics also had an effect on Psychology. For the 1950s to 1960s, we outline how psychologists influenced the law in relation to the Wolfenden Report (1957) and how expertise was centrally located within the 'psy' disciplines. Following this, in the 1960s to 1970s, activists began to challenge this expertise and became increasingly critical of pathologization and of 'treatments' for homosexuality. They did not reject Psychology wholesale, however, and some groups engaged with queer affirmative psychologists who had similar liberatory aims. Finally, for the 1980s to 1998, we highlight the establishment of the Lesbian and Gay Section of the British Psychological Society, which signaled institutional recognition of lesbian and gay psychologists. This is explored against a backdrop of a specific British history of HIV/AIDS and Section 28. The past 50 years have been a battleground of categories in which LGBTIQ people were conflated, compared, and confused. We demonstrate that psychologists (not all of whom adopted a pathologizing perspective), alongside politicians, lawyers, doctors, journalists, and activists, all played a role in the boundary-making practices of this period. Across this entangled history, we demonstrate varied and significant shifts in the legitimacy of professional and personal expertise. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Queering the history of South African psychology: From apartheid to LGBTI+ affirmative practices.

This article constructs a brief history of how lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex (LGBTI) issues have intersected with South African psychology at key sociopolitical moments, filling a gap in current histories. Organized psychology-a primary focus of this analysis-since its first formations in 1948, mostly colluded with apartheid governments by othering queerness as psychopathology or social deviance. The National Party, both homophobic and racist, ruled the country from 1948 until the first democratic elections in 1994. The acceleration of antiapartheid struggles in the 1980s saw progressive psychologists develop more critical forms of theory and practice. However, LGBTI+ issues remained overshadowed by the primary struggle for racial equality and democracy. Psychology's chameleon-like adaptation to evolving eras resulted in a unified organization when apartheid ended: the Psychological Society of South Africa (PsySSA). Democratic South Africa's Constitution took the bold step of protecting sexuality as a fundamental human right, galvanizing a fresh wave of LGBTI+ scholarship post-1994. However, LGBTI+ people still suffered prejudice, discrimination, and violence. Additionally, psychology training continued to ignore sexual orientation and gender-affirmative health care in curricula. PsySSA therefore joined the International Psychology Network for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex Issues (IPsyNet) in 2007, catalyzing the PsySSA African LGBTI+ Human Rights Project in 2012 and two pioneering publications: a position statement on affirmative practice in 2013, and practice guidelines for psychology professionals working with sexually and gender-diverse people in 2017. This article traces a neglected history of South African psychology, examining the political, social, and institutional factors that eventually enabled the development of LGBTI+ affirmative psychologies. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The inquisitorial censorship ofamatus lusitanus centuriae / La censura inquisitorial en las Centurias de Amatus Lusitanus

We analyse the inquisitorial censorship expressed in expurgations of some excerpts of the Centuriae of Medicinal Cures, authored by the Portuguese physician João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco (1511-1568), better known as Amatus Lusitanus. Our sources were the Centuriae II, III and IV (bound together, Florence, 1551) and the Centuria VII (Venice, 1566), both kept in the General Library of the University of Coimbra, Portugal. For the reconstitution of the texts we resorted to other editions available online and to the modern Portuguese translation, prepared from the Bordeaux edition of 1620. We conclude that most of the censored excerpts refer to affections of sexuality, gynaecology and obstetrics, the remaining being related to matters of strictly religious nature

En este artículo analizamos la censura inquisitorial expresada en expurgaciones de algunos extractos de Centurias de Curas Medicinales, escrito por el médico portugués João Rodrigues de Castelo Branco (1511-1568), más conocido como Amatus Lusitanus. Nuestras fuentes han sido las Centurias II, III y IV (atadas juntas, Florencia, 1551) y Centuria VII (Venecia, 1566), ambas conservadas en la Biblioteca General de la Universidad de Coimbra, Portugal. Para la reconstitución de los textos recurrimos a otras ediciones disponibles online y a la nueva traducción portuguesa, preparada a partir de la edición de Burdeos de 1620. Concluimos que la mayoría de los extractos censurados se refieren a afecciones de sexualidad, ginecología y obstetricia, el resto se relacionan con asuntos de naturaleza estrictamente religiosa

"I am not a friend to men": Embodiment and desire in Magnus Hirschfeld's Transvestites case studies.

This article reads sexological case studies of the fin-de siècle that contain accounts of trans women's lives in the period. It argues that these sources contradict the diagnostic criteria that doctors determine as the factors that define trans feminine identity in the period: desire for men, social isolation, and tortured bodily dissatisfaction. Chief among these contradictions is the prevalence of the expression of trans women's desire for women and easy participation in women's social and kinship networks. Therefore, this article considers these narratives to be a crucial and overlooked resource for considering the breadth of lesbian identity and sociality in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

En sus propias palabras: Relatos de vida sexual y (no) reproductiva de mujeres jóvenes mexicanas durante las décadas de 1960 y 1970 / In their own words: Stories of the sexual and (non-) reproductive life of young Mexican women between the 1960s and 1970s

Este artículo indaga en las experiencias de un grupo de mujeres mexicanas, nacidas entre 1941 y 1955, que vivieron parte de su pubertad, adolescencia y juventud entre 1960 y 1970. Se analiza el conocimiento y uso de métodos anticonceptivos, las dinámicas de sus primeras relaciones erótico-afectivas, las consideraciones sociales y personales sobre la virginidad femenina, y la influencia de las religiones y del feminismo en estos temas. Sus testimonios se ponen en relación con otros estudios de la época -algunos también basados en testimonios de mujeres-, y materiales de la industria cultural, como libros, revistas y películas mexicanas, muchos de las cuales fueron nombrados por las mismas entrevistadas. Sus relatos de vida, obtenidos a partir de entrevistas en profundidad, permiten conocer las negociaciones que estas mujeres establecieron con ciertos sentidos, creencias, modelos y mandatos sociales

This article studies the experiences of a group of Mexican women, born between 1941 and 1955, who lived part of their puberty, adolescence, and youth between 1960 and 1970. It analyzes their opinions and experiences related to contraceptive methods, the dynamics of their first sexual intercourse, social and personal considerations about female virginity, and the influence of religions and feminism on these issues. Their testimonies are contextualized by the available literature on this period, much of which is also based on women's testimony. The women's experiences are also discussed in relation to cultural industry materials such as Mexican books, magazines, and films, many of which were referred to by the interviewees. Their life stories, obtained from in-depth interviews, reveal the negotiations that these women established with certain social meanings, beliefs, models, and obligations

Framing "our social disaster": narratives of disease and sexuality in Turkey's early republic.

For the early Turkish republic, resource shortages, illiteracy, and geography combined to hamper any achievement of the immediate and universal diffusion of state-authored lessons in public health throughout the country's populace. One of the first steps taken to overcome these obstacles involved the production and publication of a medical atlas. Ideally, this text would serve both to standardize care provided by the state's health professionals and to inform the entire population of their public health obligations and compel their compliance; longer lives, prosperity, and a stronger nation were the promised outcomes. However, utilizing public health education to institute this state-society contract also entailed framing diseases in particular ways. This was especially true with sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), and the narratives associated with STIs marginalized routinely specific subpopulations of the Turkish nation; women and girls, generally, and sex workers, in particular. Focusing on this primary text, this article engages critically with the atlas to document, analyze, and inform the nature of this promise and the types of medical and moral norms that it imposed and reinforced.

[The roots of sexual medicine in Germany : A personal retrospective]. / Anfänge einer Sexualmedizin in Deutschland : Ein persönlicher Rückblick.

The first steps toward an academic sexual medicine were made half a century ago in the Federal Republic of Germany. After the so-called sexual revolution, the first approaches to an academicization of the field of sexual science were located in Hamburg and Frankfurt, where independent institutes and chairs were set up. Through empirical studies, the ignorance of physicians and medical students in sexuality-related topics could be demonstrated and subsequently addressed. In the early 1970s a journal named Sexualmedizin was founded, the first education courses for physicians in sexual medicine were held and in Frankfurt the first "special" university outpatient clinic in the country was opened with a department for sexual science. During the following decades, several textbooks were published and the professional training of physicians was expanded. As a university specialty, however, sexual medicine is still one of the most threatened medical subjects, being represented in only a few German faculties.Prof. Dr. Volkmar Sigusch, a pioneer of modern sexual research, looks back on events and personal experiences and gives an overview of the actors and sexual-scientific publications of the time.

Sandor Rado, American psychoanalysis, and the question of bisexuality.

The Hungarian-born physician and psychoanalyst Sandor Rado (1890-1972), who practiced for most of his career in the United States, played a central role in shaping American psychoanalysts' views toward homosexuality. Historians have pointed to Rado's rejection of Freud's notion of constitutional bisexuality as the key theoretical maneuver that both pathologized homosexuality and inspired an optimistic approach to its treatment. Yet scholarly analysis of the arguments that Rado made for his rejection of bisexuality is lacking. This article seeks to provide that analysis, by carefully reviewing and evaluating Rado's arguments by the standards of his own day. Because one of Rado's main arguments is that bisexuality is an outdated concept according to modern biology, I consider what contemporary biologists had to say on the topic. The work of behavioral endocrinologist Frank Beach (1911-1988) is important in this context and receives significant attention here. Rado ultimately distanced himself from Beach's behavioral endocrinology, appealing instead to evolutionary discourse to buttress his claim that homosexuality is pathological. This tactic allowed him to refashion psychoanalysis into a moralistic discipline, one with closer ties to a medical school. (PsycINFO Database Record

Infancia, género y medicina. Un análisis histórico de los discursos endocrinológicos sobre el síndrome adiposo genital en Buenos Aires y Argentina / Childhood, gender and medicine. A historical analysis of endocrinological discourses on genital adipose syndrome in Buenos Aires and Barcelona

Este trabajo pretende contribuir a la problematización de las lecturas sobre la obesidad y la sexualidad infantil a través de un análisis histórico de los discursos de la endocrinología en Buenos Aires y Barcelona, en las décadas de 1920 y 1930. Focalizaremos en dos escenarios de una controversia en torno de la obesidad de los varones que articuló saberes de la endocrinología con supuestos morales sobre las familias y representaciones de género. Nuestro objetivo es identificar cómo se resignificaron los saberes sobre hormonas sexuadas disponibles en el campo científico internacional, en el marco de las experiencias clínicas locales. Consideramos que los endocrinólogos se valieron de estereotipos de género para leer los cuerpos de sus pacientes, pero sus interpretaciones también estuvieron mediadas por los intereses y las lógicas de las instituciones de las que formaron parte. La relevancia del psicoanálisis en Buenos Aires y la importancia de la tradición experimental en Barcelona serán aspectos centrales para identificar las particularidades de cada caso. Nuestro corpus documental está constituido por publicaciones científicas especializadas (AU)

This paper aims to contribute to the problematization of the interpretation on obesity and childhood sexuality through a historical analysis of the speeches of endocrinology in Buenos Aires and Barcelona in the 1920s and 1930. We will focus on two stages of a controversy around obesity of boy who articulated knowledge of endocrinology with moral assumptions about families and gender representations. Our goal is to identify how knowledge about sexed hormones available in the international scientific field, in the context of local clinical experiences resignified. Endocrinologists believe that availed themselves of gender stereotypes to read the bodies of their patients, but their performances were also mediated by the interests and the logic of the institutions of which they were part. The relevance of psychoanalysis in Buenos Aires and the importance of the experimental tradition in Barcelona will be central aspects to identify the particularities of each case. Our documentary corpus consists of specialized scientific publications (AU)

The 'secret' source of 'female hysteria': the role that syphilis played in the construction of female sexuality and psychoanalysis in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the unspoken fear of syphilis played a significant role in the development of beliefs about female sexuality. Many women were afraid of sexual relationships with men because they feared contracting syphilis, which was, at that time, untreatable. Women also feared passing this disease on to their children. Women's sexual aversion, or repression, became a focus for Freud and his colleagues, whose theory of psychosexual development was based on their treatment of women. This article examines the case of Dora, the memoirs of Mabel Dodge Luhan and other sources to argue that the fear of syphilis was a significant factor in upper- and middle-class women's avoidance of heterosexual relationships. The fear of syphilis, in turn, became a significant factor in the psychoanalytic construction of female sexuality. The social suppression of the fear of syphilis has had a profound impact on theories of women's development. The implication for psychiatry is that our models of psychological development occur within a sociocultural milieu and cannot escape suppressed aspects of our culture.